Cancer is one of the most complex diseases of our time. Even though modern medicine has developed effective treatments over-time, the disease still continues to hold many unanswered questions.
Cancer Research is the extensive scientific study about cancer that aims to improve the comprehension of the disease. There are many areas of research, each centering on a certain facet of future cancer research. Some concentrate on new treatment modalities, effects of combination therapy, side-effects and also the effectivity of current treatment being employed in today's medicine. This really is the kind of research that gave rise to modern treatment modalities like chemotherapy and radiation.
Some study concentrate on the epidemiology of cancer, the causes, risk factors and lifestyle changes that will reduce someone's risk of developing the disease. This area of cancer research includes the study of how the environment contributes to the development of cancer. Additionally, it includes the research of genetics and just how this affects someone's susceptibility to certain kinds of cancers.
Due to the increasing number of cancer cases, many research groups have emerged, each concentrating on a far more specific place of study. Several of the groups that conduct cancer research will be the Northern California Cancer Center, Lance Armstrong Foundation and Israel Cancer Research Fund to name several.
The majority of these research institutes are funded privately or through donations. There have been controversies surrounding cancer studies, most notably the use of animals as study subjects. Researchers commonly use mice to study the growth of cancer cells or to look into the effectivity of new treatment. Pro animal groups have criticized this practice but scientists are quick to defend their posts stating that they make sure all animal subjects that can be injected with cancer cells are treated.
Irrespective of one's views regarding these studies, it cannot be denied that cancer studies have contributed considerably to the present awareness of the disease and it has produced treatment which has saved millions of lives.
"Today the boundaries between medical and biological disciplines have vanished. . . . In an anatomy department, biologists, chemists, and physicists can present the skin to medical students as being an uninterrupted ascent from atoms to man: from the tens of atoms which make a small molecule, to the thousands of molecules which make a polymer (for example a protein or possibly a nucleic acid), to the millions of such polymers that make a cell, to the billions of cells that make a tissue, and also the trillions of specialized cells that create a body. In a wider, panoramic view, the skin and it is behavior becomes a tiny decoration in the tapestry of life interwoven with the incredible selection of plasmids, viruses, bacteria, plants, and animals in a 4-billion-year evolutionary development." Thus observed physician and biochemist Arthur Kornberg.1 Medical students are not alone in confronting myriad levels of complexity and scales of spatial and temporal organization. Freshman biology textbooks present a similar panorama from chemical bonds between atoms to the evolution of ecological systems.
A first lesson for physics students will be the vast selection of scales from subatomic particles to medium-size things we handle everyday to galaxies as well as the universe itself. The expansive education is invaluable. When students later specialize in a particular area of research, they are likely to concentrate on one or a few levels that can be more relevant than the others. The concentration comes with the risk of digging oneself into a hole and studying the sky from the bottom a well, as is expressed by ideologies asserting that all is nothing but genes or nothing but ecology. In order to avoid such traps is a constant struggle in scientific research. Analysis and synthesis in cancer research Think about a medical phenomenon, cancer. Which of the next do you think true? A. Cancer is essentially a genetic disease.2B. Cancer is a disorder of unregulated proliferation of abnormal cells.3C. Smoking accounts for roughly 30% of all cancer deaths inside america, overweight and obesity account for 15-20 percent.4
It's F, in accordance with available scientific data, although many people reject any answer that does not conform to their pet ideology. Statements A to E describe cancer from the perspectives of distinct organizational levels: molecular, cellular, personal, familial, and environmental. An important achievement in cancer research is the introduction of a framework that accommodates phenomena in these levels and roughly explains their interrelationships. Its center of gravity lies on the molecular and cellular levels. Even so, its explanations of how certain viruses, chemicals, and radiations contribute to cancer suggest links to environmental and social researches on people's exposure to these carcinogens. Cancer research underscores the systematic approach that makes natural science and modern engineering so powerful. Faced with a complex phenomenon, scientists analyze or reduce it to components and simpler factors that can be investigated thoroughly, by way of example analyzing cancer development into cellular dynamics and gene mutations. The fruitfulness of the reductive approach is apparent when one compares the abundant solid knowledge it yields to the empty rhetoric of mystical holism that insists all is a seamless web impervious to analysis. To analyze, on the flip side, just isn't to analyze away.
Reducing cancer to genes is not subscribing to a dogmatic reductionism that regards a patient as nothing but a bag of genes. Regardless of the success and glamor of genetics and molecular biology in disease research, few if any researcher would disagree with the editors of a recent segment on complex diseases in Science: "It's not simply the genes."7 Holism that reviles analysis and reductionism that reviles synthesis are both detrimental to science, by which analysis and synthesis are complementary. For scientific research, reduction of a phenomenon into elements is incomplete if not followed by integration of relevant elements for the goal of explaining the original phenomenon. Socrates recommended the methods of division and collection. Galileo's methods were described as resolution and composition. Newton explained the effects of analysis and synthesis in scientific investigations. Descartes followed a similar vein and went further to combine analysis and synthesis as two steps of a single method. Perhaps the most comprehensive articulation comes from engineers. In designing complex systems such airplanes, engineers must ensure the functions of the airplane being an integral whole and specify minute details of its ten thousand parts that must work together. To rationalize design processes, they have developed systems engineering, in which analysis and synthesis are graphically depicted as the letter "V." The downward stroke of the V represents the decomposition of a system into smaller and smaller parts and also the upward stroke the assemblage of the parts in to the system as a whole
Cancer Research is the extensive scientific study about cancer that aims to improve the comprehension of the disease. There are many areas of research, each centering on a certain facet of future cancer research. Some concentrate on new treatment modalities, effects of combination therapy, side-effects and also the effectivity of current treatment being employed in today's medicine. This really is the kind of research that gave rise to modern treatment modalities like chemotherapy and radiation.
Some study concentrate on the epidemiology of cancer, the causes, risk factors and lifestyle changes that will reduce someone's risk of developing the disease. This area of cancer research includes the study of how the environment contributes to the development of cancer. Additionally, it includes the research of genetics and just how this affects someone's susceptibility to certain kinds of cancers.
Due to the increasing number of cancer cases, many research groups have emerged, each concentrating on a far more specific place of study. Several of the groups that conduct cancer research will be the Northern California Cancer Center, Lance Armstrong Foundation and Israel Cancer Research Fund to name several.
The majority of these research institutes are funded privately or through donations. There have been controversies surrounding cancer studies, most notably the use of animals as study subjects. Researchers commonly use mice to study the growth of cancer cells or to look into the effectivity of new treatment. Pro animal groups have criticized this practice but scientists are quick to defend their posts stating that they make sure all animal subjects that can be injected with cancer cells are treated.
Irrespective of one's views regarding these studies, it cannot be denied that cancer studies have contributed considerably to the present awareness of the disease and it has produced treatment which has saved millions of lives.
"Today the boundaries between medical and biological disciplines have vanished. . . . In an anatomy department, biologists, chemists, and physicists can present the skin to medical students as being an uninterrupted ascent from atoms to man: from the tens of atoms which make a small molecule, to the thousands of molecules which make a polymer (for example a protein or possibly a nucleic acid), to the millions of such polymers that make a cell, to the billions of cells that make a tissue, and also the trillions of specialized cells that create a body. In a wider, panoramic view, the skin and it is behavior becomes a tiny decoration in the tapestry of life interwoven with the incredible selection of plasmids, viruses, bacteria, plants, and animals in a 4-billion-year evolutionary development." Thus observed physician and biochemist Arthur Kornberg.1 Medical students are not alone in confronting myriad levels of complexity and scales of spatial and temporal organization. Freshman biology textbooks present a similar panorama from chemical bonds between atoms to the evolution of ecological systems.
A first lesson for physics students will be the vast selection of scales from subatomic particles to medium-size things we handle everyday to galaxies as well as the universe itself. The expansive education is invaluable. When students later specialize in a particular area of research, they are likely to concentrate on one or a few levels that can be more relevant than the others. The concentration comes with the risk of digging oneself into a hole and studying the sky from the bottom a well, as is expressed by ideologies asserting that all is nothing but genes or nothing but ecology. In order to avoid such traps is a constant struggle in scientific research. Analysis and synthesis in cancer research Think about a medical phenomenon, cancer. Which of the next do you think true? A. Cancer is essentially a genetic disease.2B. Cancer is a disorder of unregulated proliferation of abnormal cells.3C. Smoking accounts for roughly 30% of all cancer deaths inside america, overweight and obesity account for 15-20 percent.4
It's F, in accordance with available scientific data, although many people reject any answer that does not conform to their pet ideology. Statements A to E describe cancer from the perspectives of distinct organizational levels: molecular, cellular, personal, familial, and environmental. An important achievement in cancer research is the introduction of a framework that accommodates phenomena in these levels and roughly explains their interrelationships. Its center of gravity lies on the molecular and cellular levels. Even so, its explanations of how certain viruses, chemicals, and radiations contribute to cancer suggest links to environmental and social researches on people's exposure to these carcinogens. Cancer research underscores the systematic approach that makes natural science and modern engineering so powerful. Faced with a complex phenomenon, scientists analyze or reduce it to components and simpler factors that can be investigated thoroughly, by way of example analyzing cancer development into cellular dynamics and gene mutations. The fruitfulness of the reductive approach is apparent when one compares the abundant solid knowledge it yields to the empty rhetoric of mystical holism that insists all is a seamless web impervious to analysis. To analyze, on the flip side, just isn't to analyze away.
Reducing cancer to genes is not subscribing to a dogmatic reductionism that regards a patient as nothing but a bag of genes. Regardless of the success and glamor of genetics and molecular biology in disease research, few if any researcher would disagree with the editors of a recent segment on complex diseases in Science: "It's not simply the genes."7 Holism that reviles analysis and reductionism that reviles synthesis are both detrimental to science, by which analysis and synthesis are complementary. For scientific research, reduction of a phenomenon into elements is incomplete if not followed by integration of relevant elements for the goal of explaining the original phenomenon. Socrates recommended the methods of division and collection. Galileo's methods were described as resolution and composition. Newton explained the effects of analysis and synthesis in scientific investigations. Descartes followed a similar vein and went further to combine analysis and synthesis as two steps of a single method. Perhaps the most comprehensive articulation comes from engineers. In designing complex systems such airplanes, engineers must ensure the functions of the airplane being an integral whole and specify minute details of its ten thousand parts that must work together. To rationalize design processes, they have developed systems engineering, in which analysis and synthesis are graphically depicted as the letter "V." The downward stroke of the V represents the decomposition of a system into smaller and smaller parts and also the upward stroke the assemblage of the parts in to the system as a whole